Introduction and Overview
Heclo, Hugh. "Coming into a New Land: The Context Shaping American Social Policy," in Whither American Social Policy?, edited by Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn: Columbia University, 1996.

Caraley, Demetrios, "Dismantling the Federal Safety Net: Fiction Versus Realities," Political Science Quarterly 111 (1996).
http://epn.org/psq/psdism.html

Gilbert, Neil, H. Specht, and P. Terrell. Dimensions of Social Welfare Policy. (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 1993). Chapters 1& 2.

Peterson, Paul. "Budget Deficits and the Race to the Bottom", in Whither American Social Policy?, edited by Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn: Columbia University, 1996.

Jencks, Christopher. Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty and the Underclass. (Harvard University Press, 1992). Introduction.

Axinn, June and Herman Levin. Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need, 4th edition. (New York: Longman, 1997).

Katz, Michael. In the Shadow of the Poor House: A Social History of Welfare in America. (Basic Books, New York: 1986).

For a feminist perspective:
Abramovitz, Mimi. Regulating the Lives of Women. (South End Press, Boston, 1989).

On Universalism and Selectivism
Skocpol, Theda. "Targeting within Universalism: Politically Viable Policies to Combat Poverty in the United States," in Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Peterson, eds. The Urban Underclass. (Brookings Institute, Washington,D.C.: 1991).

Kamerman, Sheila and Alfred Kahn. "Universalism and Income Testing in Family Policy: New Perspectives on an Old Debate," Social Work, 32 (4): 277-280, July-August 1987.

On Privatization
Gormley, William, "Privatization Revisited." Policy Studies Review, Vol. 13, No. 3/4, pp. 215-34 (Autumn/ Winter 1994).

Kamerman, Sheila and Alfred Kahn. Privatization and the Welfare State. (Princeton University Press, NJ: 1989). Collected essays.

Bobo, Lawrence and Ryan Smith. "Antipoverty Policy, Affirmative Action, and Racial Attitudes," in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994.

Burtless, Gary. "Public Spending on the Poor: Historical Trends and Economic Limits," . Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).

Danziger, Sheldon, and Daniel Weinberg. "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty," in Confronting Poverty.

Burtless, Gary. "Public Spending on the Poor: Historical Trends and Economic Limits," in Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).
Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (1996). Strengths of the Safety Net:How the EITC, Social Security, and Other Government Programs Affect Poverty.
http://www.cbpp.org/snd98-rep.htm

Ellwood, David. Poor Support. (New York: Basic Books, 1988).

Garfinkel, Irwin and McLanahan, Sara. Single Mothers and Their Children. (Urban Institute, Washington,D.C., 1986).

General Accounting Office. (April 1997). Poverty Measurement: Issues in Revising and Updating the Official Definition. Washington, D.C.: GAO/HEHS-97-38.

Jencks, Christopher. Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty and the Underclass. (Harvard University Press, 1992). Chapters 2, 4, and 5.

Katz, Michael. "The Underclass?" The Undeserving Poor. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989).

Katz, Michael. The Undeserving Poor. (New York: Pantheon Books, 1989). Chapters 1, 2, & 5.

Levitan, Sar A. Programs in Aid of the Poor. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990, 6th edition). Chapter 1.

Mead, Lawrence. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. (Free Press, New York: 1986).

Mincy, Robert. "The Underclass: Concept, Controversy, and Evidence," in Confronting Poverty.

Moroney, Robert. Social Policy and Social Work. (Aldine D. Gruyter, New York, 1991).

Murray, Charles. Losing Ground. (Basic Books, New York: 1984).

Orfield, Gary, "Race and the Liberal Agenda: The Loss of the Integrationist Dream, 1965-1974," in Weir, M., Orloff, A.S., and Skocpol, T. The Politics of Social Policy in the United States. (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ: 1988).

Ruggles, Patricia. "Measuring Poverty," Focus 14 (1): 1-9, Spring 1991 (University of Wisconsin at Madison, Institute for Research on Poverty: 1991).

Tobin, James. "Poverty in Relation to Macroeconomic Trends, Cycles, and Policies," in Confronting Poverty.

Wilson, William J. The Truly Disadvantaged. (University of Chicago Press, Chicago: 1988)

Wolff, Edward. "How the American Pie is Sliced: America's Growing Concentration of Wealth," The American Prospect, No. 22, Summer 1995, pp. 58-64.

Robert M. Ball, "A Secure System," TAP, no. 29 (November-December 1996), 34-35.
http://epn.org/prospect/29/29ball

Ferrara, Peter (April 1997). A Plan For Privatizing Social Security. Washington,D.C.: Cato Institute, Project on Social Security Privatization.
http://www.cato.org/pubs/ssps/ssp8es.html

GAO (1996). Social Security: Issues Involving Benefit Equity for Working Women. Washington, D.C.: GAO/HEHS-96-55.
http://www.access.gpo.gov

Blank, Rebecca M. The 1996 Welfare Reform. Northwestern University.
http://www.library.nwu.edu/publications/nupr/blank2

Greenberg, Mark. "Welfare Reform in an Uncertain Environment", in Planning a State Welfare Strategy Under Waivers of Block Grants, edited by Sheila Kamerman and Alfred Kahn: Columbia University, 1996.

Levitan, Sar. Programs in Aid of the Poor. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990, 6th edition). Chapter on Income Security programs

Bergmann, Barbara (1996). Child Care: The Key to Ending Child Poverty, in Social Policies for Children, edited by Irwin Garfinkel, Jennifer Hochschild, and Sara McLanahan. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute.

Garfinkel, Irwin (1996). Economic Security for Children, in Social Policies for Children, edited by Irwin Garfinkel, Jennifer Hochschild, and Sara McLanahan. Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institute.

Pecora, P.J., Whittaker, J.K., Maluccio, A.N. Barth, R.P., & Plotnick, R.D. (1992). Chapter 1, Understanding the Policy Context for Child Welfare, in The Child Welfare Challenge: Policy, Practice and Research. New York: Walter de Gruyter.

Greenbook. Sections on Medicare and Medicaid

Wolfe, B. "Reform of Health Care for the Nonelderly Poor," in Confronting Poverty.

Waxman, Judy and Joan Alker (1996). The Impact Of Federal Welfare Reform On Medicaid, Families USA.
http://www.familiesusa.org/medicaid/impct.htm#r-n2

Center for Policy Alternatives (1998). Purchasing Power in the Health Care Market
http://www.cfpa.org/publications/healthcare/purchasing.html#Trends

The Twentieth Century Fund Medicare Reform: A Twentieth Century Fund Guide to the Issues (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995
http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Basics/medicare/index.html

The Twentieth Century Fund, Medicaid Reform: A Twentieth Century Fund Guide to the Issues (New York: Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995
http://www.tcf.org/Publications/Basics/medicaid/index.html

Families USA (1998). Good Ideas From State Plans: State Child Health Plans Provisions That Can Benefit Children.
http://www.familiesusa.org/goodhlth.htm

Electronic Policy Network (199). Facts On...Medicare: Hospital Insurance & Supplementary Medical Insurance.
http://epn.org/library/agmedi.html

Liska, David. Medicaid: Overview of a Complex Program, No. 8 in "Issues and Options for States," Washington, DC: Urban Institute (1997).
http://newfederalism.urban.org

Alpha Center. Glossary of Terms Commonly Used in Health Care. Washington, DC (1997).
http://www.ac.org/httpdocs/glossary