Introduction to Neuroanatomy

Regional Anatomy

Why Neuroanatomy

| Structure-function relationships
| Localization of function in the CNS
| Non-invasive brain imaging
| CAT: structure, low resolution
| MRI: structure, high resolution
| PET: function, low resolution
| fMRI: function, high resolution

Dual approach to learning neuroanatomy:

| Functional anatomy
| Neural structures that serve particular functions; e.g., pain path from skin to cortex for perception
| Regional anatomy
| Localization of structures in particular brain regions

Dual approach to learning neuroanatomy:

| Functional anatomy
| Neural structures that serve particular functions; e.g., pain path from skin to cortex for perception
| Regional anatomy
| Localization of structures in particular brain regions
| Localization of function

Lecture objectives:

| Overview of brain structures to “demystify” anatomical content in Neural Science lectures
| Survey brain structure-function relations to provide background for first labs

CNS Organizational Principles

| 1) Tubular organization of central nervous system
| 2) Columnar/longitudinal organization of spinal and cranial nerve nuclei
| 3) Complex C-shaped organization of cerebral cortex and deep structures

Brief Overview of Mature CNS Neuroanatomy

| Tubular organization of central nervous system

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Brief Overview of Mature CNS Neuroanatomy

| Tubular organization of central nervous system

SC

Brief Overview of Mature CNS Neuroanatomy

| 1) Tubular organization of central nervous system

Lateral Brain View w/curved arrow

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Development, as a guide to understanding regional anatomy of the CNS

Neural Induction

| •Portion of the dorsal ectoderm becomes committed to become the nervous system:
| Neural plate

Slide 17

Neural Tube Closure Defects

| Spina bifida: caudal neural tube
| Anencephaly: rostral neural tube

NT development

3 ves stage

3 & 5 ves stages

7 major brain divisions

Slide 23

MRI midsag

MidsagBrain

axes

Spinal cord & brain stem have a similar developmental plan

| Segmentation

SC dev

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"Key differences"

| Key differences
| 1) central canal enlargement motor medial and sensory lateral
| 2) migration away from ventricle
| 3) >> sensory and motor

BS dev

Medulla development

Pons development

Midbrain development

"Key differences"

| Key differences
| 1) CH more complex than BS/SC
| 2) Cortical gyri more complex anatomy than nuclei
| 3) Subcortical nuclei are C-shaped
| Confusing: structure in two places on image

Diencephalon

| Thalamus
| Gateway to cortex
| Hypothalamus
| Control of endocrine and bodily functions
| Circadian rhythms
| Etc.

Slide 37

CH dev

Cerebral Cortex Development

CH dev

Lateral Brain View w/curved arrow

MidSagDutch

Forebrain Development & C-shaped Structures

| Cerebral cortex
| Lateral ventricles
| Striatum
| Hippocampal formation and fornix

Striatum dev

Slide 45

LV and CP

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HC and amy

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Summary

| 7 Major components of the central nervous system & Ventricles
| All present from ~ 1st prenatal month

Functional Anatomy

Functional Localization

| Regional neuroanatomy: spatial relations between brain structures within a portion of the nervous system
| Functional neuroanatomy: those parts of the nervous system that work together to accomplish a particular task, for example, visual perception

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Slide 57

Overall Aims of Lecture

| Functional localization of neural systems
| Functional organization of the thalamo-cortical systems
| Cortical circuitry
| Topics cut across all lectures
| •add to preparation for lab
| •basis for better understanding of lectures on neural systems

Specifics…

| Functional localization of touch pathway in brain stem
| To understand hierarchical organization of a neural system
| To begin to become familiar with internal brain structure
| Organization of visual pathway
| Segue into…
| Functional organization of the thalamo-cortical systems
| Cortical circuitry

Slide 60

Dorsal column-medial lemniscal system for touch

| Sensory receptor neurons
| Dorsal column of spinal cord
| Medial lemniscus in brain stem
| Thalamus
| Cortex

UwashDCML

Slide 63

Slide 64

SSthalCXrad

UwashOptic

Slide 67

Functional localization in the Thalamo-cortical systems

Slide 69

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Slide 73

Brodmann’s
areas

Summary

| Principle of functional localization